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Flow velocity in well hydraulics refers to the speed at which groundwater moves through porous media. It is a critical parameter in environmental engineering and hydrogeology for understanding groundwater flow patterns and contaminant transport.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The flow velocity is directly proportional to both the coefficient of permeability (which characterizes the soil's ability to transmit water) and the hydraulic gradient (which represents the driving force for groundwater flow).
Details: Accurate flow velocity calculation is essential for designing effective groundwater remediation systems, predicting contaminant migration, managing water resources, and designing efficient well systems for water extraction.
Tips: Enter the coefficient of permeability in m/s and the hydraulic gradient (unitless). Both values must be positive numbers. The calculator will compute the flow velocity in m/s.
Q1: What is the typical range for coefficient of permeability?
A: The coefficient of permeability varies widely depending on soil type, ranging from 10-12 m/s for clay to 10-1 m/s for gravel.
Q2: How is hydraulic gradient measured?
A: Hydraulic gradient is calculated as the difference in hydraulic head between two points divided by the distance between them, typically measured using piezometers.
Q3: What factors affect flow velocity in porous media?
A: Flow velocity is influenced by soil permeability, hydraulic gradient, porosity, fluid viscosity, and temperature.
Q4: Is this formula applicable to all flow conditions?
A: This formula applies to Darcian flow in saturated porous media under laminar flow conditions, which is typical for most groundwater flow situations.
Q5: How does flow velocity relate to actual water movement?
A: The calculated velocity represents the Darcy velocity, which is the discharge per unit area. The actual water velocity through pore spaces is higher, accounting for porosity.