1. What is Hydraulic Gradient?

Hydraulic gradient is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. It represents the change in hydraulic head per unit distance of flow in a given direction.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the hydraulic gradient formula:

Where:

• \( i \) — Hydraulic gradient
• \( V_w \) — Velocity of flow (m/s)
• \( K_w \) — Coefficient of permeability (m/s)

Explanation: The hydraulic gradient is calculated by dividing the velocity of flow by the coefficient of permeability of the soil or medium.

3. Importance of Hydraulic Gradient Calculation

Details: Accurate hydraulic gradient calculation is crucial for analyzing groundwater flow, designing drainage systems, and assessing seepage through soils and porous media.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter velocity of flow in m/s and coefficient of permeability in m/s. All values must be valid positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the typical range of hydraulic gradient values?
A: Hydraulic gradient values typically range from 0.001 to 0.1 in natural groundwater systems, but can be higher in engineered systems.

Q2: How does hydraulic gradient affect flow velocity?
A: Higher hydraulic gradients generally result in higher flow velocities, following Darcy's law for flow through porous media.

Q3: What factors influence the coefficient of permeability?
A: The coefficient of permeability depends on soil type, grain size distribution, porosity, and degree of saturation.

Q4: When is hydraulic gradient measurement important?
A: It's important in groundwater studies, dam design, landfill construction, and any project involving fluid flow through porous materials.

Q5: Can this formula be used for all types of flow?
A: This formula is primarily applicable for laminar flow through porous media following Darcy's law.