1. What is Carbon Equivalent of Structural Steel?

Definition: The Carbon Equivalent (CEq) is a numerical value that represents the combined effect of various alloying elements in steel on its hardenability and weldability.

Purpose: It helps metallurgists and engineers predict the behavior of steel during welding and heat treatment processes.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the International Institute of Welding (IIW) formula:

Where all elements are measured in weight percentage (%).

Explanation: The formula accounts for the relative effects of different alloying elements by converting them to equivalent carbon content.

3. Importance of Carbon Equivalent Calculation

Details: A higher CEq value indicates greater susceptibility to cracking during welding and reduced weldability. It helps determine preheat requirements and welding procedures.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the percentage content of each alloying element. Values should be between 0-100%. All fields are required.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a safe CEq value for welding?
A: Generally, CEq below 0.40% is easily weldable, 0.40-0.60% may require preheat, and above 0.60% requires special procedures.

Q2: Why are different elements weighted differently?
A: Each element affects hardenability differently. Carbon has the strongest effect, followed by manganese, chromium, etc.

Q3: Are there different CEq formulas?
A: Yes, other formulas like Pcm (Japanese) or Dearden and O'Neill exist, but the IIW formula is most widely used.

Q4: How accurate is the CEq calculation?
A: It provides a good estimate but actual welding behavior depends on other factors like thickness, restraint, and hydrogen content.

Q5: What if my steel contains other elements?
A: This formula covers the most significant elements. Other elements typically have minor effects on CEq.