Carbon Equivalent Formula:
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Definition: The Carbon Equivalent (CEq) is a numerical value that represents the combined effect of various alloying elements in steel on its hardenability and weldability.
Purpose: It helps metallurgists and engineers predict the behavior of steel during welding and heat treatment processes.
The calculator uses the International Institute of Welding (IIW) formula:
Where all elements are measured in weight percentage (%).
Explanation: The formula accounts for the relative effects of different alloying elements by converting them to equivalent carbon content.
Details: A higher CEq value indicates greater susceptibility to cracking during welding and reduced weldability. It helps determine preheat requirements and welding procedures.
Tips: Enter the percentage content of each alloying element. Values should be between 0-100%. All fields are required.
Q1: What is a safe CEq value for welding?
A: Generally, CEq below 0.40% is easily weldable, 0.40-0.60% may require preheat, and above 0.60% requires special procedures.
Q2: Why are different elements weighted differently?
A: Each element affects hardenability differently. Carbon has the strongest effect, followed by manganese, chromium, etc.
Q3: Are there different CEq formulas?
A: Yes, other formulas like Pcm (Japanese) or Dearden and O'Neill exist, but the IIW formula is most widely used.
Q4: How accurate is the CEq calculation?
A: It provides a good estimate but actual welding behavior depends on other factors like thickness, restraint, and hydrogen content.
Q5: What if my steel contains other elements?
A: This formula covers the most significant elements. Other elements typically have minor effects on CEq.