Concentration Formula:
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Definition: This calculator determines the concentration of intermediate product B in a consecutive first-order reaction A → B → C.
Purpose: It helps chemists and chemical engineers analyze reaction kinetics and predict intermediate concentrations over time.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula accounts for both the formation of B from A and the subsequent decay of B into C.
Details: Understanding intermediate concentrations helps optimize reaction conditions, control product yields, and design chemical processes.
Tips: Enter the initial concentration of A, both rate constants (k₁ must not equal k₂), and the reaction time. All values must be positive.
Q1: What if k₁ equals k₂?
A: The formula becomes indeterminate. In practice, use a limiting case formula when rate constants are nearly equal.
Q2: What units should I use?
A: Use consistent units - concentration in mol/m³, time in seconds, rate constants in s⁻¹.
Q3: How does time affect the concentration of B?
A: B concentration initially increases as A converts to B, then decreases as B converts to C.
Q4: Can this be used for other reaction orders?
A: No, this formula is specific for consecutive first-order reactions.
Q5: What's the maximum concentration of B?
A: The maximum occurs at time t_max = ln(k₂/k₁)/(k₂ - k₁).