Concentration Formula:
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Definition: This calculator determines the concentration of product C in a consecutive first-order reaction A → B → C.
Purpose: It helps chemists and chemical engineers predict product concentrations over time in consecutive reactions.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula accounts for the sequential transformation of A to B and then B to C, with both steps following first-order kinetics.
Details: Understanding product concentrations helps optimize reaction conditions, predict yields, and design chemical processes.
Tips: Enter the initial concentration of A, both rate constants (k₁ and k₂), and the reaction time. All rate constants must be positive and distinct.
Q1: What if k₁ equals k₂?
A: The formula becomes indeterminate. A different equation is needed when rate constants are equal.
Q2: What units should I use?
A: Use consistent units - mol/m³ for concentrations, s⁻¹ for rate constants, and seconds for time.
Q3: How do I determine the rate constants?
A: Rate constants are typically determined experimentally from kinetic studies.
Q4: Does this work for non-first-order reactions?
A: No, this formula is specific for consecutive first-order reactions.
Q5: What's the maximum time I can enter?
A: Theoretically unlimited, but extremely large times will approach the final equilibrium concentration.