Covalent Radius Formula:
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Definition: This calculator estimates the covalent radius of an atom based on Allred-Rochow's electronegativity and effective nuclear charge.
Purpose: It helps chemists and researchers understand atomic sizes and bonding characteristics in molecules.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula relates the atomic size to the balance between nuclear attraction (effective nuclear charge) and electron repulsion (electronegativity).
Details: Knowing covalent radii helps predict bond lengths, molecular geometries, and chemical reactivity patterns.
Tips: Enter the effective nuclear charge and Allred-Rochow's electronegativity values. Both values must be > 0.
Q1: What is effective nuclear charge?
A: It's the net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom, accounting for shielding by other electrons.
Q2: How is Allred-Rochow electronegativity different?
A: It measures electronegativity based on the electrostatic force between an electron and the nucleus at the atom's surface.
Q3: What units are used for the result?
A: The covalent radius is given in Ångstroms (1 Å = 10-10 meters).
Q4: Why square root in the formula?
A: The relationship between these properties and atomic size isn't linear; the square root accounts for the non-linear dependence.
Q5: How accurate is this calculation?
A: It provides reasonable estimates but actual radii may vary based on bonding environment and other factors.