1. What is Equilibrium Concentration using Freundlich Equation?

Definition: This calculator determines the equilibrium concentration of an aqueous adsorbate based on the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Purpose: It helps in understanding adsorption processes in chemistry and environmental engineering, particularly for water treatment and purification systems.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the Freundlich equation:

Where:

• \( c \) — Equilibrium concentration of aqueous adsorbate
• \( M \) — Mass of adsorbate (kg)
• \( m \) — Mass of adsorbent (kg)
• \( k \) — Adsorption constant
• \( n \) — Freundlich adsorption constant

Explanation: The equation describes the distribution of adsorbate between the liquid and solid phases at equilibrium.

3. Importance of Freundlich Equation

Details: The Freundlich isotherm is widely used to model adsorption processes, especially for heterogeneous surfaces and multi-layer adsorption.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the mass of adsorbate and adsorbent in kg, along with the adsorption constant and Freundlich constant. All values must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are typical values for the Freundlich constant (n)?
A: The value typically ranges between 1 and 10, with values > 1 indicating favorable adsorption conditions.

Q2: How do I determine the adsorption constant (k)?
A: The constant is determined experimentally for each adsorbent-adsorbate system at specific conditions.

Q3: What units does this calculator use?
A: Mass inputs should be in kilograms (kg), and the output concentration is dimensionless.

Q4: When is the Freundlich isotherm most applicable?
A: It works well for moderate concentrations and heterogeneous surfaces, common in environmental applications.

Q5: What are limitations of the Freundlich equation?
A: It doesn't predict a maximum adsorption capacity and is less accurate at very high or low concentrations.