1. What is Pauling's Electronegativity?

Definition: Pauling's electronegativity is described as "the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself".

Purpose: It helps predict the nature of chemical bonds between atoms and their behavior in molecules.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( X_P \) — Pauling's electronegativity (J)
• \( X_M \) — Mulliken's electronegativity (J)

Explanation: The conversion factor of 2.8 scales Mulliken's electronegativity to match Pauling's scale.

3. Importance of Electronegativity Calculation

Details: Understanding electronegativity differences helps predict bond polarity, molecular polarity, and chemical reactivity.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter Mulliken's electronegativity value in joules. The value must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between Pauling and Mulliken electronegativity?
A: Pauling's scale is based on bond energies, while Mulliken's is calculated from ionization energy and electron affinity.

Q2: Why divide by 2.8?
A: This conversion factor scales Mulliken's values to match Pauling's empirically derived scale.

Q3: What are typical values for Pauling electronegativity?
A: Values range from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F) on the Pauling scale.

Q4: Can I use this for all elements?
A: Yes, the conversion works for all elements, though accuracy may vary slightly.

Q5: Where can I find Mulliken electronegativity values?
A: They can be calculated from first ionization energy and electron affinity data.