1. What is Pauling's Electronegativity?

Definition: Pauling's Electronegativity is described as "the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself".

Purpose: It helps predict the nature of chemical bonds and molecular polarity in chemical compounds.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( XP \) — Pauling's Electronegativity (unitless)
• \( Z \) — Effective Nuclear Charge
• \( r_{covalent} \) — Covalent Radius (in angstroms)

Explanation: The formula relates the atom's ability to attract electrons to its effective nuclear charge and atomic size.

3. Importance of Electronegativity Calculation

Details: Understanding electronegativity helps predict bond types (ionic vs covalent), molecular polarity, and chemical reactivity.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the effective nuclear charge (Z) and covalent radius in angstroms. Both values must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the range of Pauling's Electronegativity values?
A: Values typically range from 0.7 (francium) to 4.0 (fluorine) on the Pauling scale.

Q2: How is effective nuclear charge determined?
A: It's calculated as Z - S, where Z is atomic number and S is shielding constant from Slater's rules.

Q3: What's a typical covalent radius?
A: Covalent radii range from about 0.3 Å (hydrogen) to 2.6 Å (francium), varying by element and bond type.

Q4: Why is 0.744 added in the formula?
A: This is an empirical constant from Linus Pauling's original electronegativity scale calibration.

Q5: How does electronegativity affect chemical bonds?
A: Larger differences lead to more ionic character; similar values lead to covalent bonding.