Formula Used:
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Definition: The percentage of p-character in a hybrid orbital indicates how much p-orbital character contributes to the hybrid orbital's formation.
Purpose: This calculation helps in understanding the nature of chemical bonds and predicting molecular geometry.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The cosine of the bond angle relates directly to the p-character percentage in the hybrid orbital.
Details: Knowing the p-character helps predict bond angles, molecular shapes, and the hybridization state of atoms in molecules.
Tips: Enter the bond angle between bond pair and lone pair in degrees (must be between 0° and 180°).
Q1: What's the range for p-character percentage?
A: Typically ranges from 0% (pure s-orbital) to 100% (pure p-orbital), with hybrid orbitals falling in between.
Q2: How does p-character affect bond angle?
A: Higher p-character leads to larger bond angles (more p-like character pushes bonds farther apart).
Q3: What's the p-character in sp³ hybridization?
A: For perfect sp³ (109.5°), p-character is 75% (25% s-character).
Q4: What's the p-character in sp² hybridization?
A: For perfect sp² (120°), p-character is 66.67% (33.33% s-character).
Q5: What's the p-character in sp hybridization?
A: For perfect sp (180°), p-character is 50% (50% s-character).