Product Concentration Formula:
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Definition: This calculator determines the concentration of product formed at time t for a reversible first-order reaction where the forward and reverse reactions are both first-order.
Purpose: It helps chemists and chemical engineers understand reaction kinetics and predict product formation over time for opposing reactions.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula describes how product concentration approaches equilibrium exponentially over time, with the rate depending on initial concentrations and the forward rate constant.
Details: Understanding product formation kinetics is crucial for reaction optimization, process design, and determining appropriate reaction times in chemical synthesis.
Tips: Enter all required parameters with appropriate units. Note that initial concentration of B must be greater than 0. Time must be non-negative.
Q1: What does "opposed by 1st order reaction" mean?
A: It means the reverse reaction is also first-order with respect to the product concentration.
Q2: Why must initial concentration of B be greater than 0?
A: The derivation of this formula assumes B is present initially. For B₀ = 0, a different kinetic treatment is needed.
Q3: How is the equilibrium concentration (xₑq) determined?
A: xₑq can be calculated from the equilibrium constant or measured experimentally when the reaction reaches equilibrium.
Q4: What units should be used for the rate constant?
A: The forward rate constant (k_f) should be in reciprocal seconds (s⁻¹) for this first-order reaction.
Q5: Can this be used for higher-order reactions?
A: No, this formula is specific for first-order forward and reverse reactions. Different equations apply for other reaction orders.