Formula Used:
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Definition: Mulliken's electronegativity is defined as the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy and the electron affinity of an atom.
Purpose: It provides a quantitative measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The conversion factor of 2.8 relates the two electronegativity scales, allowing conversion between them.
Details: Understanding electronegativity helps predict chemical bond types, molecular polarity, and reactivity in chemical compounds.
Tips: Enter Pauling's electronegativity value (must be > 0) to calculate the corresponding Mulliken's electronegativity.
Q1: Why is there a conversion factor between these scales?
A: The scales are defined differently - Pauling's is based on bond energies while Mulliken's uses ionization energy and electron affinity.
Q2: What's the typical range for Pauling electronegativity?
A: Pauling values range from 0.7 (francium) to 4.0 (fluorine) on the periodic table.
Q3: When would I use Mulliken's scale vs Pauling's?
A: Mulliken's is more fundamental (based on atomic properties) while Pauling's is more practical for bond energy predictions.
Q4: Is the conversion factor always 2.8?
A: The factor can vary slightly (2.7-2.9) depending on the specific elements being compared.
Q5: How accurate is this conversion?
A: It provides a good approximation, but for precise work, consult specific electronegativity tables.