Solute Concentration Formula:
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Definition: This is the concentration of solutes in the fluid immediately adjacent to the membrane surface during filtration processes.
Purpose: It helps in understanding membrane fouling phenomena and optimizing membrane filtration systems.
The calculator uses the formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula accounts for concentration polarization at the membrane surface due to solute accumulation.
Details: Accurate calculation helps predict membrane performance, fouling potential, and optimize operating conditions.
Tips: Enter bulk concentration, water flux, mass transfer coefficient, and solute rejection (default 0.95). All values must be valid (kl > 0, 0 ≤ R' ≤ 1).
Q1: What is concentration polarization?
A: It's the accumulation of rejected solutes near the membrane surface, creating a higher concentration than in the bulk solution.
Q2: How is mass transfer coefficient determined?
A: It can be estimated from empirical correlations or measured experimentally for specific systems.
Q3: What affects solute rejection?
A: Membrane properties, solute characteristics, operating pressure, and cross-flow velocity.
Q4: Why does Cm increase with higher flux?
A: Higher flux brings more solutes to the membrane surface faster than they can diffuse back to the bulk.
Q5: How can I reduce Cm?
A: Increase cross-flow velocity (higher kl), reduce flux, or use membranes with lower rejection.