1. What is Bragg's Equation?

Bragg's Equation describes the relationship between the wavelength of X-rays, the interplanar spacing in a crystal lattice, and the angle at which constructive interference occurs. It is fundamental to X-ray crystallography and the study of crystal structures.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses Bragg's equation:

Where:

• \( n \) — Order of diffraction
• \( d \) — Interplanar spacing (nm)
• \( \theta \) — Bragg's angle (degrees)
• \( \lambda \) — Wavelength of X-ray (nm)

Explanation: The equation calculates the order of diffraction based on the crystal's interplanar spacing, the angle of incidence, and the X-ray wavelength.

3. Importance of Bragg's Equation

Details: Bragg's Law is essential for determining crystal structures, analyzing material properties, and understanding diffraction patterns in X-ray crystallography.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter interplanar spacing in nm, Bragg's angle in degrees, and X-ray wavelength in nm. All values must be positive and valid.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the order of diffraction?
A: The order of diffraction refers to the number of wavelengths by which the path difference between two diffracted rays equals an integer multiple.

Q2: What are typical values for interplanar spacing?
A: Interplanar spacing typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 nm for most crystalline materials.

Q3: Why is the angle measured in degrees?
A: While the mathematical calculation uses radians, the input is in degrees for user convenience and is converted internally.

Q4: What are common X-ray wavelengths?
A: Common X-ray wavelengths range from 0.01 to 10 nm, with Cu Kα radiation at approximately 0.154 nm being widely used.

Q5: Can this equation be used for other types of radiation?
A: Yes, Bragg's Law applies to any wave phenomenon including electrons and neutrons, but the wavelength must be appropriate for the crystal spacing.