Maximum Voltage using Area of X-Section (1-Phase 2-Wire Mid-Point Earthed) Calculator

Formula Used:

\[ V_m = \frac{2 \cdot P}{\cos(\Phi)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\rho \cdot L}{A \cdot P_{\text{loss}}}} \]

Power Transmitted (P):

Phase Difference (Φ):

rad

Resistivity (ρ):

Ω·m

Length of Underground AC Wire (L):

Area of Underground AC Wire (A):

m²

Line Losses (P_loss):

Maximum Voltage Underground AC (V_m):

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1. What is Maximum Voltage using Area of X-Section?

Maximum Voltage using Area of X-Section in a 1-Phase 2-Wire Mid-Point Earthed system refers to the peak voltage level that can be sustained in an underground AC transmission system, calculated based on the cross-sectional area of the wire and other electrical parameters.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

\[ V_m = \frac{2 \cdot P}{\cos(\Phi)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\rho \cdot L}{A \cdot P_{\text{loss}}}} \]

Where:

\( V_m \) — Maximum Voltage Underground AC (V)
\( P \) — Power Transmitted (W)
\( \Phi \) — Phase Difference (rad)
\( \rho \) — Resistivity (Ω·m)
\( L \) — Length of Underground AC Wire (m)
\( A \) — Area of Underground AC Wire (m²)
\( P_{\text{loss}} \) — Line Losses (W)

Explanation: This formula calculates the maximum voltage by considering power transmission, phase characteristics, material properties, and system losses.

3. Importance of Maximum Voltage Calculation

Details: Accurate maximum voltage calculation is crucial for designing safe and efficient underground AC transmission systems, ensuring proper insulation selection, and preventing electrical breakdown.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter all values in appropriate units (power in watts, phase difference in radians, resistivity in ohm-meters, length in meters, area in square meters, and line losses in watts). All values must be positive.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why is the phase difference important in this calculation?
A: Phase difference affects the power factor, which influences the actual power being transmitted versus the apparent power, thus impacting the voltage calculation.

Q2: How does wire area affect maximum voltage?
A: Larger wire area reduces resistance, which decreases voltage drop and losses, potentially allowing for higher maximum voltage operation.

Q3: What is the significance of mid-point earthing?
A: Mid-point earthing provides a reference point for the system, affects voltage distribution, and enhances safety by limiting voltage to earth.

Q4: How do line losses impact maximum voltage?
A: Higher line losses require higher input voltage to deliver the same power to the load, thus affecting the maximum voltage calculation.

Q5: Can this formula be used for overhead transmission lines?
A: While the basic principles are similar, overhead lines have different characteristics and additional factors that may require different calculations.