Maximum Voltage using Volume of Conductor Material (2-phase 3-wire US) Calculator

Formula Used:

\[ V_m = (2+\sqrt{2}) \times \sqrt{\frac{\rho \times (P \times L)^2}{P_{loss} \times V \times (\cos(\Phi))^2}} \]

Resistivity (ρ):

Ω·m

Power Transmitted (P):

Length of Underground AC Wire (L):

Line Losses (P_loss):

Volume Of Conductor (V):

m³

Phase Difference (Φ):

rad

Maximum Voltage Underground AC (V_m):

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1. What is Maximum Voltage using Volume of Conductor Material?

The Maximum Voltage using Volume of Conductor Material formula calculates the peak voltage in a 2-phase 3-wire underground AC system based on material properties, power transmission parameters, and system losses.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

\[ V_m = (2+\sqrt{2}) \times \sqrt{\frac{\rho \times (P \times L)^2}{P_{loss} \times V \times (\cos(\Phi))^2}} \]

Where:

\( V_m \) — Maximum Voltage Underground AC (V)
\( \rho \) — Resistivity (Ω·m)
\( P \) — Power Transmitted (W)
\( L \) — Length of Underground AC Wire (m)
\( P_{loss} \) — Line Losses (W)
\( V \) — Volume Of Conductor (m³)
\( \Phi \) — Phase Difference (rad)

Explanation: This formula accounts for material properties, transmission parameters, and electrical characteristics to determine the maximum voltage in the system.

3. Importance of Maximum Voltage Calculation

Details: Accurate maximum voltage calculation is crucial for system design, insulation selection, safety compliance, and ensuring efficient power transmission in underground AC systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter all values in appropriate units. Resistivity, power, length, losses, and volume must be positive values. Phase difference should be in radians (0 to π/2 for typical systems).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why is the (2+√2) factor used in the formula?
A: This factor accounts for the 2-phase 3-wire system configuration and the relationship between maximum voltage and other system parameters.

Q2: What are typical resistivity values for conductor materials?
A: Copper: ~1.68×10⁻⁸ Ω·m, Aluminum: ~2.82×10⁻⁸ Ω·m. Actual values may vary based on material purity and temperature.

Q3: How does phase difference affect maximum voltage?
A: As phase difference increases (power factor decreases), the maximum voltage required for the same power transmission increases.

Q4: What are common causes of line losses?
A: Resistive losses (I²R), dielectric losses, and magnetic losses contribute to total line losses in underground systems.

Q5: When is this calculation most important?
A: During system design phase for determining appropriate conductor sizing, insulation requirements, and voltage regulation needs.