1. What is Rolling Resistance When Rolling Resistance Factor is Two Percent?

Rolling Resistance (Rolling Resistance Factor 2%) is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object on a surface. RRF of 2% means that the rolling resistance force is 2% of the normal force.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the rolling resistance equation:

Where:

• \( R' \) — Rolling Resistance (Rolling Resistance Factor 2%) (N)
• \( p \) — Tire Penetration (m)
• \( W \) — Weight on Wheels (kg)

Explanation: The equation calculates the rolling resistance force based on tire penetration depth and the weight supported by the wheels.

3. Importance of Rolling Resistance Calculation

Details: Accurate rolling resistance calculation is crucial for vehicle efficiency analysis, energy consumption estimation, and optimizing transportation systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter tire penetration in meters and weight on wheels in kilograms. All values must be valid (tire penetration ≥ 0, weight > 0).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What factors affect rolling resistance?
A: Tire material, road surface, tire pressure, temperature, and vehicle speed all influence rolling resistance.

Q2: Why is 2% used as the rolling resistance factor?
A: 2% is a common benchmark value used in engineering calculations for typical tire-road interactions.

Q3: How does tire penetration affect rolling resistance?
A: Deeper tire penetration increases the deformation of the tire, resulting in higher rolling resistance.

Q4: What are typical rolling resistance values for vehicles?
A: Rolling resistance typically ranges from 1-2% of the vehicle weight for passenger cars on paved roads.

Q5: How can rolling resistance be reduced?
A: Using proper tire inflation, choosing low rolling resistance tires, and maintaining smooth road surfaces can help reduce rolling resistance.