1. What is Sending End Phase Angle?

The Sending End Phase Angle (Φs) is the difference between the phasors of current and voltage at the sending end of a short transmission line. It represents the phase shift between voltage and current waveforms at the power source.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( \Phi_s \) — Sending End Phase Angle (Radian)
• \( P_s \) — Sending End Power (Watt)
• \( V_s \) — Sending End Voltage (Volt)
• \( I_s \) — Sending End Current (Ampere)

Explanation: The formula calculates the phase angle using the inverse cosine of the ratio between real power and the product of voltage, current, and the factor 3 (for three-phase systems).

3. Importance of Sending End Angle Calculation

Details: Calculating the sending end phase angle is crucial for power system analysis, stability studies, and determining the power factor at the sending end of transmission lines.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter sending end power in watts, voltage in volts, and current in amperes. All values must be positive and non-zero for valid calculation.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why is the factor 3 used in the denominator?
A: The factor 3 accounts for three-phase power systems, where the total power is three times the single-phase power.

Q2: What are typical values for sending end phase angle?
A: Phase angles typically range from 0 to π/2 radians (0 to 90 degrees), depending on the power factor of the system.

Q3: When is this calculation most important?
A: This calculation is particularly important in power transmission systems, generator operations, and power quality analysis.

Q4: Are there limitations to this formula?
A: This formula assumes balanced three-phase systems and may not be accurate for unbalanced conditions or systems with significant harmonics.

Q5: How does phase angle relate to power factor?
A: The cosine of the phase angle equals the power factor of the system at the sending end.