1. What is the Satellite Speed Formula?

The satellite speed formula calculates the orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit around Earth. It's derived from the balance between gravitational force and centripetal force, providing the speed needed to maintain a stable orbit at a given altitude.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( v \) — Speed of satellite (m/s)
• \( GM_{Earth} \) — Earth's geocentric gravitational constant (3.986004418 × 10¹⁴ m³/s²)
• \( R_{Earth} \) — Earth's mean radius (6,371,008.8 meters)
• \( z \) — Height of satellite above Earth's surface (meters)

Explanation: This formula calculates the orbital velocity required for a satellite to maintain a circular orbit at a specific altitude above Earth's surface.

3. Importance of Satellite Speed Calculation

Details: Accurate orbital velocity calculation is crucial for satellite mission planning, orbit determination, station-keeping maneuvers, and ensuring satellites maintain their intended orbits without drifting or deorbiting.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the satellite height above Earth's surface in meters. The height must be a non-negative value. The calculator will compute the required orbital speed in meters per second.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is LEO (Low Earth Orbit)?
A: LEO refers to orbits with altitudes between 160-2,000 km above Earth's surface, where most satellites and the International Space Station operate.

Q2: How does altitude affect orbital speed?
A: Higher altitudes result in slower orbital speeds. Satellites in higher orbits take longer to complete one revolution around Earth.

Q3: What is the typical speed range for LEO satellites?
A: LEO satellites typically travel at speeds between 7.7-7.8 km/s (27,700-28,100 km/h).

Q4: Why is circular orbit assumption important?
A: This formula assumes a circular orbit. For elliptical orbits, the speed varies throughout the orbit, being fastest at perigee and slowest at apogee.

Q5: What factors can affect actual satellite speed?
A: Atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, gravitational perturbations from other celestial bodies, and non-spherical Earth shape can all affect actual orbital speeds.