1. What is Surface Tension?

Surface Tension is a physical property of liquids where the surface behaves like an elastic membrane. It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface interface.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the surface tension formula:

Where:

• \( \sigma \) — Surface Tension (Newton per Meter)
• \( p_i \) — Internal Pressure Intensity (Pascal)
• \( r_t \) — Radius of Tube (Meter)

Explanation: This formula calculates the surface tension based on the internal pressure intensity and the radius of the tube or droplet.

3. Importance of Surface Tension Calculation

Details: Surface tension calculation is important in various fields including fluid mechanics, material science, and biological systems. It helps in understanding capillary action, droplet formation, and interfacial phenomena.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter internal pressure intensity in Pascal and radius of tube in meters. Both values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What factors affect surface tension?
A: Surface tension is affected by temperature, presence of surfactants, and the nature of the liquid.

Q2: How is surface tension measured experimentally?
A: Common methods include the capillary rise method, drop weight method, and Wilhelmy plate method.

Q3: Why does surface tension decrease with temperature?
A: Increased thermal energy reduces the cohesive forces between molecules, thereby decreasing surface tension.

Q4: What are typical surface tension values for common liquids?
A: Water at 20°C has about 72.8 mN/m, mercury about 465 mN/m, and ethanol about 22.3 mN/m.

Q5: How does surface tension affect droplet formation?
A: Surface tension causes liquids to form spherical droplets to minimize surface area, which is why raindrops are spherical.